Democratic Theorist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fair Theorist - Assignment Example For his situation, he outlined that the fundamental part of vote based system is opportunity. Aristotle energetically draws out the picture of a legislator to that of an expert. In his similarity, governmental issues is supposed to be progressively subject to functional information, which talk about administrative issues while create is increasingly reliant on beneficial information. In his recognition, he considered antiquity creation to experience four phases of preparing, for example, material, formal, productive and last to achieve a state of a jar. Contrastingly dependent on the constitution administering the resident, he thinks about a lawgiver to a skilled worker. In his downplaying of the key developmental issues of governmental issues, he thinks that; the lawmaking body ought to build up and protect great constitution so as to get last later (Talisse and Goodman, 2008). Despite the fact that he scrutinizes the majority rules system as an ill-conceived constitution, he recognizes that a case may need to determine a mainstream rule in governmental issues. He later drew out into the open that, it is completely simpler to set up a constitution than changing one, which previously existing. Aristotle legislative issues didn't had negligible impacts since it was being considered to shield the Greek city, by then considered previously fallen because of victory by rulers. Nonetheless, because of its belongings of inciting conversation of political way of thinking, it has stayed powerful in taking care of business the idea of governmental issues (Wallace, Ober and Raaflaub,

Impact of the Mongols free essay sample

The role of advertising and branding within the laptop industry and Dissertation

Causes of the American Civil War Essay -- American History USA Essays

Reasons for the American Civil War The American Civil War was a military clash between the United States of America (the Union), and 11 secessionist Southern states, sorted out as the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). It was the perfection of four many years of extraordinary sectional clash and it reflected profound situated monetary, social, and political contrasts between the North and the South. One of the significant reasons for the Civil War was the apparently unending political disagreements about subjugation in the Mexican Cession and Louisiana Purchase regions. It was basic that the Democratic and Whig political pioneers keep up concordance between their Southern and Northern supporters, in this manner, the foundation of both during presidential decisions like that of 1848 attempted to maintain a strategic distance from that specific servitude question. Be that as it may, the expansion of subjection into the new regions was probably the biggest issue of the time, and with developing restriction from the North, avoidance of it turned out to be progressively troublesome. Another huge reason for the war was the development of various reactions to abolitionist practices, for example, the Underground Railroad and responses to out of control slaves and the Fugitive Slave laws that prodded from all segments of the nation. At long last, there was the monetary pain factor, of both remote and residential roots, that included everything from taxes to the budgetary accident of 1857. These thus caused sectional arguments about the utilization of the bureaucratic government’s open grounds.      In mid 1848, when gold was found in California, â€Å"a crowd of travelers filled the valleys.'; (Bailey, 400). â€Å"Free-soilers'; and â€Å"slaveryites'; contended over the proposed issue of subjection in the regions, and along these lines, regardless of whether the territory itself was appropriate for a slave economy. In Congress on August 8, 1846, Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot moved a change: â€Å"that, as an express and key state of the securing of any domain from the Republic of Mexico†¦neither subjugation nor automatic bondage will ever exist in any piece of said an area,'; (CG, 1217) discharging the â€Å"pent-up rage'; of northern Democrats, a significant number of whom thought less about the subjection issue itself than about their own capacity inside the gathering. Yet, the northern Whigs, who had a progressively predictable abolitionist ‘record’, chipped in help for the stipulation. â€Å"This bipartisan northern coa... ...d. Other than these, there were auxiliary reasons, also, various and accumulated from many years of clashing interests. These contributed in creating, estimated in physical annihilation and human lives, the costliest war in the experience of the American individuals. List of sources American Civil War Wikipedia 2014 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War Bailey, Thomas An., and David M. Kennedy. The American Pageant. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company, 1994. Rozwenc, Edwin. The Causes of the Civil War. Lexington, Massachuesetts: D.C. Heath what's more, Company, 1972. Congressional Globe, 29 Congress, 1 Sess. Friedheim, William, and Ronald Jackson. Freedom’s Unfinished Revolution. New York: American Social History Productions, 1996. Mcpherson, James M. Rallying call of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford College Press, 1988. Nevins, Allan. The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950. Nevins, Allan. Trial of the Union. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1947.

3 Examples of Dashing to the Rescue

3 Examples of Dashing to the Rescue 3 Examples of Dashing to the Rescue 3 Examples of Dashing to the Rescue By Mark Nichol At the point when commas are utilized to set off a break in thought, or are utilized to set off in excess of two unmistakable sentence components, the outcome is frequently a level or confounding sentence. To appropriately flag a sudden grammatical change or obviously demonstrate linguistic progressive system, think about supplanting a couple of commas with a scramble or two, as portrayed in a conversation and appeared in an update following every one of the models in this post. 1. At the point when issues strike startlingly, and they will, the leader of the division can hope to take part in quick investigating conversations. The organizing commas are not erroneous, yet they’re dreary and insufficient in underlining the purpose of the key addition; runs are progressively effective: â€Å"When issues strike surprisingly and they will-the leader of the office can hope to take part in quick investigating discussions.† 2. The exposure of information, even, or particularly, to law requirement, is a hot topic.â For this situation, the peruser will probably need to backtrack to outline this sentence in their brain to process that â€Å"data, even, or especially† isn't a rundown and that even is the start of a two-layer bracket; outline the external enclosure with runs to recognize it from the internal enclosure: â€Å"The revelation of information even, or particularly, to law authorization is a hot topic.†Ã¢ 3. At the point when you compose for a paper, you really can change the world, well at any rate a side of it, for certain individuals. The issue here is like that of the past model, in that well should be set off from the remainder of the enclosure of which it is a section. To recognize the accentuation used to do as such and the accentuation utilized to underscore the bracket itself, elevate the quotidian commas to particular runs: â€Å"When you compose for a paper, you really can change the world-well, in any event a side of it-for some people.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?How to Punctuate with â€Å"However†Trooper or Trouper?

Discuss The Ethical Principles Underlying A Particular Aspect Of

Discuss The Ethical Principles Underlying A Particular Aspect Of Discuss The Ethical Principles Underlying A Particular Aspect Of Informed Consent â€" Essay Example > Discuss the ethical principles underlying a particular aspect of informed consentThe concept of ethics in nursing though is seen in the same line with the birth of terms as the human rights, it is well accepted that from time immemorial, nursing- the selfless service as one of its multitude colors had ethical obligations also. With the growth of the concept of bioethical standards, the stage is set on, were the healthcare professionals are expected to respect the patient and involve them in the active process of decision making. Thus gone are the days when the patients were as passive observers, and kept out of any clinical decisions as unknowledgeable. Thus now it is widely accepted that every healthcare client as consumer has specific rights and the healthcare providers â€" the professional are expected to respect the rights. In this nurses as the selfless healthcare professional has an additional duty of supporting and promoting the patients health and also are expected to act as their advocate when necessary. At extreme times when the patient is not in a power of agency, the nurses are expected to do to the patient what he would have done if he is entitled with the power. One such thing that has become a buzz word of ethical standard in both medical practice and research is “Informed Consent”. (Beauchamp Childress, 1989)Informed consent: Informed consent can be described as an agreement given by the patient for a proposed course of treatment or a research activity, upon receiving clear, understandable information about the ensuing potential benefits and risks. In providing treatment, additionally it is required to explain all treatments available for your health condition, and the risks of receiving no treatment. Informed consent can be regarded even as the epitome of patient’s autonomy. In biomedical ethics, the informed consent is defined as decision obtained from autonomous, competent individual in non coercing way after providing them with t he knowledge that they can either accept or reject the proposed course of action. As a annexure a complete informative communication of information is expected, regarding the procedures, that would help them to take individual decisions. It is the fundamental right of the patient to accept and reject the consent after duly obtaining all the information. Now a days the informed consent has been made as a part of law of ethics in many countries as Europe and America. (Faden Beauchamp, 1986)Aspects Informed consent: The practice of informed consent historically is found to be rooted to not only to medicine, but also to other fields as moral philosophy, and the law. Now with medicine deeply rooted to law. The informed consent in general has two aspects, the informed consent for medical treatment and informed consent for medical research. The difference being, consent to treatment rooted in case law and consent to research, being based on ethical codes, statutes, and administrative re gulations, with the least involvement of courts. (Arnold, 2002)Informed consent medical treatment: Informed consent in this aspect is the process by which the patient’s freedom, privacy and safety is guaranteed apart from developing the trust and mutual goodwill between the professionals and patients. The informed consent in medical treatment could be characterized in two aspects, one is autonomous authorization of medical intervention, and the other is institutional rules of consent, a legal consent obtained prior to a procedure. In general the informed consent, constitutes of five major elements as voluntarism, that expects a consent without persuasion and inducements: capacity, that defines the patients ability to take a decision, competence being judged according to situations and has its own set of regulations; disclosure that involves the explanation of nature, purpose, risk and chances of the proposed procedure; understanding that demands patient to comprehend the situatio n, in court the lack of understanding doesn’t stand for a legal issue if proper disclosure of information is proved; finally the decision that deals with the final step of patient’s authorization of the physician to carry out the treatment.

Bilateral Monopoly - Free Essay Example

A NOTE ON BILATERAL MONOPOLY(Refer Graph) 1. If there are competition at all stages, the solution is Xc Pc. 2. A monopsonist buyer who is also a monopolist seller of the product using input X: The monopsony power shows up in his operating on the curve marginal to the supply curve Sc, because his decision to buy one more unit makes the price of inputs rise. The impact of the decision to buy one more unit of X is the sum of two components: one, the new higher price on the additional unit which he decided to purchase, and two, the new higher price on all the earlier units. This makes the MMC rise faster than the supply curve. The monopoly Power in the product market shows up in his operating on the MR. This gets reflected in the market for input X as MRP. So his (the monopsonist-monopolist’s) optimum is XB PB. ‘PB’ is the price as indicated by the supply curve Sc, for quantity XB. 3. Seller of ‘X’ is a monopolist, and the buyer of X is a monopolist in the product market whose input is X. If the buyer of X, chooses not to exercise monopsony power, then the monopolist seller of X recognises that the buyer operates on MRP, and so MRP becomes the D facing him. He being a monopolist himself, will operate on a curve marginal to D, that is MMRP. He equates this to MC (Sc) and sells a quantity XM at price PM to the buyer of X. But if the buyer succeeds in exercising his monoposony power, he will be able to bring the price down to PB. So the price will range between PM and PB depending on who is able to exercise the power. 4. If the two firms decide to maximize joint profits, by acting as one firm, they would equate MRP to MC and operate at OX*, but the price they would agree upon could be anywhere between H (where the buyer gets no profit because the price at H is equal to the AVP) and L (where the seller gets no profit because at L, the price will be equal to the MC). 5. If the two firms integrate and become one, then OX* is the quantity and this would be, ‘transferred’ at a price equal to MC, which in ‘L’. From the society’s point of view the solution in situation (5) is better than all except that in situation (1). Situation 3(XM PM) is the worst where the quantity is most restricted. This has happened because the monopolist seller of X has exercised his monopoly power on the buyer of X who exercises monopoly power in the product market (which uses input X). This is called pyramiding of monopolies. If such monopolies integrated vertically, it would result in greater efficiency because the integrated Monopoly would then operate at OX* and transfer price of ‘L’(like in situation 5). Four propositions emerge from the above: a) Vertical integration can break bilateral monopoly stalemates and increase output. ) That Pyramiding of monopolies restricts output and reduces overall profits. c) That vertically integrating these will increase efficiency and profits. d) That if a firm has a monopoly over an input, the firm’s monopoly power cannot be enhanced by vertical integration into other competitive stages. That is, if the buyers of input X had no monopoly power in the product market, then the monopolist seller would operate on MRP and not on MMRP, because the relevant Dc facing this seller would be D and he being a monopolist would operate on the curve marginal to Dc (which is MRP). Propositions (b) and (c) have come to be known as â€Å"Chicago† propositions on vertical integration because they were invoked in a vigorous criticism of U. S. legal precedents that inhibited mergers between firms with strong position in vertically integrated markets. Thus Vertical Integration doesn’t enhance monopoly power (as measured by increased output restriction) when pyramiding of monopolies exist or when the situation in proposition (d)exists. Galbraith’s theory of countervailing buyer power: If the monopsonist buyer can exercise buyer power in the input market but has no seller power in the product market, then the solution will be at the intersection of MMC or MFC and D which takes the solution close to the most desirable competitive solution. Further if the upstream firm exhibits constant returns to scale and has a MC which is horizontally straight, then the solution would be the same as that of a competitive solution at all stages. An explanatory note: The demand curve is the reflection of the MB-marginal benefit -to the buyer  which is  translated into the price he is willing to pay for different quantities. This is what the seller FACES and is price(AR) he earns if he sells those Qs. Similarly, the Supply curve is a reflection of the MC to the producer of the   factor  which is translated into the price he is willing to sell the different Qs. This is what the buyer of the   factor  FACES and is the price (or AExp or AFC) he has to pay depending on the Qs that he wishes to purch ase. So MB of the buyer of the product becomes the AR of the seller of the product. MC of the seller /Mfrer of the FACTOR becomes the AE or the AFC of the buyer of the factor who is the manufacturer of the product.

Value Creation and Enhancement Back to the Future

1 Value Creation and Enhancement: Back to the Future Aswath Damodaran Stern School of Business 44 West Fourth Street New York, NY 10012 adamodar@stern.nyu.edu 1 2 Abstract In recent years, firms have turned to their attention increasingly to ways in which they can increase their value. A number of competing measures, each with claims to being the best approach to value creation, have been developed and marketed by investment banking firms and consulting firms. In this paper, we begin with a generic discounted cash flow model, and consider the ways in which value can be created or destroyed in a firm. We then look at two of the most widely used value enhancement measures, Economic Value Added and Cash Flow Return on†¦show more content†¦This process is complicated by the fact that while some of the assets of a firm have already been made, and are thus assets-in-place, a significant component of firm value reflects expectations about future investments. Thus, to value a firm we need to measure not just the cash flows from investments already made, but also estimate the expected value from future growth. In the following section, we will consider some of the basic principles that should guide our estimates of cash flows, growth and discount rates. 1 . Cash Flow to the Firm The cash flow to the firm that we would like to estimate should be both after taxes and after all reinvestment needs have been met. Since a firm includes both debt and equity investors, the cash flow to the firm should be before interest and principal payments on debt. The cash flow to the firm can be measured in two ways. One is to add up the cash flows to all of the different claim holders in the firm. Thus, the cash flows to equity investors (which take the form of dividends or stock buybacks) are added to the cash flows to debt holders (interest and net debt payments) to arrive at the cash flow. The other 4 5 approach to estimating cash flow to the firm, which should yield equivalent results, is to estimate the cash flows to the firm prior to debt payments but after reinvestment needs have been met: EBIT (1 - tax rate) –Show MoreRelatedThe Is A New Day796 Words   |  4 PagesIt alerted him to take his chempills. He ordered his dosage and workup while filling his groaning stomach with a freshly printed breakfast of soy eggs on bioharvested algae toast. He stepped outside and made his way towards the tubeline. Sinking back into the grimy contours of the seat, Matisse’s mind was animated as he zipped effortlessly through the city, through the scenic biome bubble and around the frenzied construction site of the megalopolis. He observed as dwellings went up, printed pieceRead MoreThe Future is Here: Genetic Enhancement Essay1762 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history, society has always placed value on being bigger, stronger, and faster by any means necessary to obtain these abilities. In order to obtain these abilities, society use genetic enhancements. A genetic enhancement is the use of genetic engineering to modify an individual’s biological traits; in addition, it is the alteration of genes in an individual’s body. Scientists are able to alter individual’s genotype with the purpose of choosing desired phenotype of a newborn. The processRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Genetic Engineering1721 Words à ‚  |  7 Pagesgeneral public and clouded their moral values. The ultimate goal of genetic engineering is to create a utopian society where problems such as disease and world hunger no longer exist. 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Torts and Contract Liabilities and Ways to Avoid Them

Running Head: TORTS AND CONTRACT LIABILITIES AND WAYS TO AVOID THEM Potential Torts and Contract Liabilities And Different Ways to Avoid Them Abstract People who do business as a sole proprietor or in a partnership are liable for the torts committed by them and for torts committed by the business and its agents. The best way to avoid tort liability is to set establish their business as a corporation or a limited liability company. A corporation or limited liability company will act as its own entity for all intent and purposes. When it becomes it own entity you will have to separate your finances from that of the business. Remember that it does not matter what type of business organization you select,†¦show more content†¦Remember that it does not matter what type of business organization is selected, if a person commits a tort they are still personally held responsible. For example, if a shareholder in a corporation runs over an employee while driving a company truck, he or she is still held liable for negligently operating the vehicle. There are certain clauses that can be beneficial in a contract as well as clauses that one should be wary of. Some clauses that can be beneficial include hold harmless clauses, which are used to shift liability from person to another; and indemnification clauses, which are designed primarily to transfer the liability and expense of claims brought against the business away from the entity (Rapp). While some clauses are beneficial, one should be wary of others. For example, one should avoid clauses pertaining to his or her rights and duties in the event that a claim or suit arises, which can create a contractual duty on their part (Rapp). Entering into a provider agreement that forfeits a person s ability to seek compensation for services they are entitled to should also be avoided. 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Essay about Political Socialization - 1002 Words

Political Socialization Political socialization begins early on in life and is an ongoing process affecting individuals throughout. It is how people eventually identify personal beliefs and expectations in American politics. These political views can include our level of patriotism, faith in the democratic system, standards by which we hold governing bodies, and opinions regarding public policies. From the playground to the classroom, the office to the dinner table, much of our lives affect our political opinions. The most easily identified agents of this are family, schooling, peers, mass media, political parties and religious influences. Furthermore, these means indoctrinate us in the political society through four basic†¦show more content†¦As one matures, a certain peer groups reinforce beliefs. Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, in her book Spiral of Silence, explains individuals inherently fear social isolation from peers and are apprehensive of speaking out against group ideas (Patterson 161). Religion appeals to ones sense of affective socialization by encouraging puritan values and morals supported by the church. The highly inviolable issue of abortion parleys condemnation by the Catholic Church against the advocating for womens rights by pro-choice groups. Catholics, while the strongest advocates, do not stand alone on this issue, as many religions preach abortion is the murder of a child. By relating a medical procedure to murder, people are emotionally affected, and instead of thinking rationally, resort to emotions to defend their stance. Schools are another important faction in delivering affective socialization, but also deliver instrumental socialization to Americas youth. Elementary classroom instruction is generally where children receive their first concrete lessons on the American political system. Teachers perform the important civic duty of instructing young Americans in political history, general laws and rights, and patriotism. Take for example the Pledge of Allegiance, recited across the nation in elementary classrooms. Day-in and day-out, children are ingrained with aShow MoreRelatedThe Political Of Political Socialization863 Words   |  4 PagesThe process of political socialization is vital in the developing of how one views politics, the way they act or choose not to act, and how they identify within the political system. Although countless influences sway or attract us to a given political view, party, or identification, there are undoubtedly certain factors that play a bigger role in this process. Some of the most prominent agents of political socialization are as follows; family, media, peers, education, religion, faith, race, genderRead MorePolitical Socialization Is A Particular Type Of Political Learning915 Words   |  4 Pages Political Socialization is a particular type of political learning where people develop the attitudes, values, beliefs, opinions and behaviors that are conducive to becoming a good citizen in their country. With political socialization there are many factors that are present when these views are formed, many are very apparent like historical events, and a clear effect such as gender, race, and socio-economics status. My own political views were formed the same way as everybody else were.Read MoreThe Factors Of Political Socialization1448 Words   |  6 PagesCheryl Lee Robin Datta November 13, 2015 Exam #2 Similar to many of the things we are introduced to growing up as humans, our political knowledge is one of the things that does not derive from one specific source. Our thoughts on politics is constantly evolving and maturing as we encounter different agents throughout our lives. These agents of political socialization include our family, our education, the media, and many more. They shape our values and beliefs from the moment we are born to theRead MorePolitical Socialization And Social Socialization1357 Words   |  6 Pagesresult, we take on characteristics of our family, friends, and associates in the hopes of â€Å"fitting in.† One of these social norms includes political affiliation. This concept of forming political ideas through friends, family, and other social constructs such as the education system and the media is called â€Å"political socialization.† Political socialization begins when we first learn of how our government works and can later help to form our own partisan orientation. This concept supposes that,Read MorePolitical Socialization955 Words   |  4 Pagesever thought about why you have the political beliefs and values you do? Where did they come from? Are they simply your own ideas and experiences or have you been influenced by others in your thinking? This process by which individuals acquire their political beliefs and attitudes is called political socialization. In another words, Political socialization is a concept where the study of the developmental processes by which children and adolescents acquire political cognition, attitudes and behaviorsRead MoreThe Importance Of Political Socialization1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe main task of political socialization is to shape an individual’s political orientation, attitudes, and behaviors so that they fit into a particular political system (Lee Zhan, 1991). Existing literature assumes one’s most important political attitudes are shaped relatively early in life, and that they remain stable in subsequent phases of life (Quintelier Hooghe, 2011). As political participation is a habit shaped early in life (Valentino, Gregorowicz Groenendyk, 2009; Aldrich, MontgomeryRead MoreFactors Influencing The Political Of Political Socialization1908 Words   |  8 PagesAnna Curl May 19, 2015 Assignment Two 1. Discuss the factors that contribute to political socialization. Of these factors, which ones do you believe are the most influential over your own political socialization? Explain why by citing specific examples. Political socialization is the process by which people acquire political beliefs. This has many different sources of influence that build off of each other and are related. The more obvious of influences come from our environment, which areRead MoreWhat is Political Socialization? Essay563 Words   |  3 PagesPolitical Socialization The presidential and congressional elections come down to the two main parties except for some congressional seats where independents may win an election. Many times voters mainly vote based on which party they affiliate with most and may not understand the candidate’s views on issues. The two parties do not encompass all of one person’s political views. To understand why a person votes a certain way is to understand their political ideology and how a person comes to theirRead MoreDiscussion On Political Socialization Develops Expectations1379 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction - Political Socialization Develops Expectations Out of all the documents that make up the systems that the United States depends on, the Bill of Rights is arguably one of the most significant and influential on the way we live our lives; among these first ten amendments to the constitution are a variety of granted rights, including freedom of speech, press, and assembly, protection from unreasonable search and seizure, the right to a trial by jury,and protection from any cruel or unusualRead MoreThe Political Socialization Of Adolescent Children Of Immigrants891 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Political Socialization of Adolescent Children of Immigrants,† Melissa Humphries and Chandra Muller of the University of Texas and Kathryn S. Schiller of the State University of New York perform an intriguing study of the political socialization of the children of immigrants. Their studies clearly show the impracticality of assuming that children of immigrants go through the same political socialization process as third generation whites. Further, they demonstrate that the process of becoming

The Best Economic Environment for Inflation Targeting

Introduction: In the past two decades, a multitude of countries, including Canada and Australia have instituted â€Å"explicit inflation targeting† (Svensson, 1996, p.1) for fear of the high cost of â€Å"volatile inflation† (FreedmanLaxton, 2009, p. 6).Mishkin offered the definition of inflation targeting (IT). It is a monetary policy strategy intended to achieve price stability within a specific range (Mishkin,2000).As is concisely demonstrated by Mishkin, IT â€Å"establishes a transparent and credible commitment† to the precision of the future â€Å"numerical objective†(Mishkin,2008).Nonetheless, it is not a prudential policy. It is prone to encounter the predicament of â€Å"long and variable lags† of â€Å"implementing and monitoring† the policy (Svensson,†¦show more content†¦In general, an independent, transparent and credible central bank, â€Å"strong fiscal position†, sound financial system with rigorous regulation and supervisio n and flexible exchange rate is vital. Furthermore, a more effective strategy is supposed to â€Å"phase in† following successful disinflation (Mishkin, 2000, p.106-p.107). Why do these factors foster the best environment for IT? How can they fit into countries adopting IT? When it comes to the performance of IT, Scott Roger concluded,† There is certain disparity in performance between the low and high income countries during disinflation, but similarity during stable inflation† (Roger, 2009, p.16). (Figure4)It seems to me that two groups both have insufficiency in terms of the background of IT. With reference to the accountability of CB, the operation should be free from political influence and entail forward-looking gauge (Roger, 2009). In this respect, the New Zealand successfully brought down the inflation rate from above 10% to below 2% thanks to the independent implementation of CB and â€Å"hierarchical mandate for CB with price stability† (Orphanides,2009,p.4). Relating to the fiscal position, the surplus in fiscal balance guarantees the success of IT in Chile without the inclination of fiscal dominance followed by expansionar y monetary policy and the devaluation of currency in some developed countries (Mishkin, 2000).Show MoreRelatedHow Companies Maximize Profits1591 Words   |  6 Pagessupply, and analysing consumers’ demands. However, there are number of economic factors that hinder this operation. These factors are government regulations, rate of interest, exchange rate, trade cycles, general price level, employment and income, economic growth, and supply and demand. Economics consists of macroeconomics and microeconomics. The former analyses national economy and offers knowledge about the business environment (Samuelson Nordhaus 2010, p.5). Macroeconomics centres on the overallRead MoreTurkey, Ukraine, Russia, And Poland Essay859 Words   |  4 Pages1. Economic background (general/target) Our group decided to focus economic backgrounds of major four countries in the Eastern Europe: Ukraine, Turkey, Russia, and Poland. First, Ukraine has a population of 42.8 million with 1.4% of upper class. GDP of $370.8 billion with -6.8% growth rate and -0.2% 5-year compound annual growth rate. Ukraine has $8,668 per capita with 12.1% inflation rate and 7.7% unemployed rate. In 2014, Ukraine’s economy was heavily indebted. Coal mining and heavy industryRead MoreManagerial Economics Assignments3979 Words   |  16 Pages Appendix A: ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET | | Date Received:........................................................... | | | Programme | Master of Business Administration | Module Name | Assignment: Managerial Economics | Surname | Amweenje | First Name/S | Edward Ludwig | Student Number | MBA1120419 | Date Submitted | 21 May 2012 | Postal Address | P.O. Box 62705 | | WANAHEDA | | Namibia | | 0000 | E-MAIL myregent email address | @myregent.acRead MoreHarris Seafood Case1486 Words   |  6 Pagesopted to use Exhibit 7, which incorporates an 11% inflation rate throughout most of the data. While this may seem like a high inflation level in today’s environment, given the time of the case and the most recent economic data, namely the 18.2% annualized increase in consumer prices reported in Exhibit 8, this seems to be much more reflective of the environment than the alternative that was available to us, Exhibit 6, which assumes a 0% inflation rate. Step One: Determine Free Cash Flow for theRead MoreA Comparative Analysis Of Patrimonio Hoy ( Ph )835 Words   |  4 PagesPatrimonio Hoy (PH) is a communal savings and loan program that targeting the low-income population to address the poor housing conditions and building skills in Mexico. Launched by CEMEX in 1998, a Mexico-based corporation that ranks the third-largest cement manufacturer in the world. Francisco Garza, the president of CEMEX North America Trading, is under the pressure to choose the best approach to develop PH, whether treating PH as a new business line under CEMEX or merely a corporate socialRead MoreChallenges Faced by India Inc.1732 Words   |  7 Pages10 challenges for India to reach 2050 potential â€Å"In our latest annual update to our Growth Environment Scores (GES), India scores below the other three BRIC nations, and is currently ranked 110 out of a set of 181 countries assigned GES scores. If India were able to undertake the necessary reforms, it could raise its growth potential by as much as 2.8% per annum, placing it in a very strong position to deliver the impressive growth we outlined,† it says. 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This would be a stabilization fund for strategic, e conomic and political interests (Kolawole, 2014). This increase in savings would lead to an increase in the demand for dollar-denominated assets, which ultimately would enable the expansion of the US current account deficit (Setser, 2007). The real exchangeRead MoreIKEA Environmental Factors1202 Words   |  5 Pagesthose factors, the influence of the global economic interdependency and the effect of trade practices and agreements, the demographic and physical infrastructure, the cultural differences, social responsibility and ethics versus legal obligations, the effect of political systems and the influence of international relations and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, and finally the effect of technology are discussed herein. 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Hitler Free Essays

string(45) " be contrived to fit the need of the moment\." Adolf Hitler and The National Socialists: A Case Study in Political Constructivism ABSTRACT Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party gained and maintained power by adopting the philosophy of constructivism and applying it to political leadership. The Nazi leader took advantage of every situation which made his approach to morals and politics dependent on the climate of public, national, and international opinion at the time. This situational relativist approach can be considered constructivist in nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Hitler or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, by selectively exploring the coups of Hitler and his henchmen the constructivist, unstructured nature of National Socialism will become apparent. By Mark Mraz Mark Mraz is an assistant professor of education at Slippery Rock University in Pennsylvania. He holds a PhD in C I Social Studies Education from The Pennsylvania State University. Mark teaches social studies methods and foundations courses at Slippery Rock. Prior to coming to the University, He taught history and social studies for 29 years at the St Marys Area School District in St. Marys, Pennsylvania. Assistant Professor of Education Slippery Rock University Secondary Education Department 208D McKay Hall Slippery Rock, PA 16057 Email:mark. mraz@sru. edu Phone: 724-738-2288 0 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1126363 Adolf Hitler and the National Socialists: A Case Study in Political Constructivism Introduction Adolf Hitler and his national socialist movement gained and maintained power by adopting the philosophy of constructivism and applying it to political leadership. The Nazi leader took advantage of every situation which made his approach to morals and politics dependent on the climate of public, national, and international opinion at the time. An example of this contrived policy can be seen in the Nazi’s attempt to create a religion, the Reich Church. However, the general German public adhered to their Christianity and Hitler was forced back down when faced with severe prevalent resistance, thereby allowing the people to keep their religious beliefs (Goldenhagen). Undoubtedly, this situational relativist approach can be considered Constructivist. Therefore, by exploring a selective array of the major coups of Hitler and his henchmen; the constructivist unstructured nature of National Socialism is apparent. According to Hitler, in one of his many private diatribes to his inner circle of disciples, the ultimate goal of his whole policy was quite clear. Hitler’s employment of Machiavellian tactics can be seen as implied constructivism. Hitler stated: Always I am concerned only that I do not take a step from which I will perhaps have to retreat, and not take a step that will harm us. I tell you that I always go to the outermost limits of risk, but never beyond. For this you need to have a nose more or less to smell out; â€Å"What can I still do? † †¦ In a struggle against an enemy, I do not summon an enemy with force of fight. I don’t say: â€Å"Fight! † because I want to fight. Instead I say , â€Å"I will destroy you! And now. Wisdom, help me to maneuver you into a corner that you cannot fight back, and then you get the blow to the heart. (Rosenbaum, 382). This passage suggests that Hitler had a goal in mind but the means to the end 1 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1126363 involved a series of constructed scenarios to back his opponents into a position of weakness by giving them no room to maneuver. This is exactly what he did when he took over Austria, the Rhineland, and Czechoslovakia. Hitler harangued, browbeat, and got a vast territory without firing a shot. This weaving and bobbing like a prize fighter on the world stage of geo-politics is dangerous for both the winner and loser. Because the relativity of the circumstances can be misconstrued as vital to the national interest.. This situational contrived metaphysics of the whole history of the National Socialist Workingmans Party’s rise to power can be interpreted as Machiavellian. Machiavellianism, is by its very â€Å"Realpolitik-politics void of ethics† nature is a process that is constructivist due to the solipsistic beliefs of its adherents always laboring for the welfare of one’s state at the cost of others countries. This ultimately leads to means that are built to real goals by situational circumstance and contrived ethics. According to Claudia Koonz, Professor of History at Duke Univesity: Hitler was a keen judge of his constituency’s desires and needs, which allowed him to fashion his state around principles of secular racism which were void of religion. Basing their notions of ethical behavior on the civic virtues of the ethnic Germanic community and hatred of outsiders, the national socialists; had an amoral compass (Koonz). This moral construction, based on underlyin g prejudices was seen by the majority of Germans as being proper and ethical, are another example of the constructivist philosophy of the Third Reich. Hitler and his disciples gave the masses what they wanted security from outsiders. Many Germans were xenophobic about Bolshevism and other alien ideologies; that if adopted would destroy the socio-political cultural fiber of Germanic Teutonic society. All 2 ideas counter to the Nazi Utopia of Aryan supremacy in all socio-cultural-geo-political spheres were perceived by the masses as a threat or a wart on the body politic which had to be removed. Thus creating a surgical mind set about the elimination of undesirable Non-German elements in society. This whole outlook of the reign was conditioned by this contrived metaphysics which made murders out of learned people who under normal circumstances would be humane. Constructivism as a Philosophy in Theory and Practice Constructivism is a philosophical perspective that contends that all truths or facts are â€Å"constructed. † Therefore, truth is contingent on situational, social experience and individual perception. Constructivist philosophy in education holds that pupils are not passive vessels of knowledge, but actively involved in the creation of knowledge through their experiences. The adherents to this philosophy believe that truth is made or invented, not discovered or learned (Ozmon). So if one would take this philosophy to the extreme, it would be easy to extrapolate that truth can be contrived to fit the need of the moment. You read "Hitler" in category "Papers" Indeed a tactic, employed by the national socialists, was to learn from their experiences and invent the truth to fit the circumstances. This certainly was the case during the unsuccessful beer hall putsch of November 8-9, 1923. During the Nazi’s failed attempt to take over the government of Bavaria by force, Hitler gave several speeches to his followers acting like they had effectively made a coup and won the day. When in reality, they had lost, some were killed and Hitler and his entourage went to prison (Hitler). Out of this experience, Hitler stipulated that his goal was the same, to gain control of the government, but the means were different. The unsuccessful attempt to take over by brute force was replaced with legal constitutional 3 means to gain control. Hitler from then on used democracy to destroy the representative government in Germany. He would work the system to his advantage (Gordon). According to the British Historian, Bevin Alexander, even though Hitler was not aware of Sun Tzu, he subscribed to his axiom: â€Å"The way to avoid what is strong is to strike what is weak (Alexander, ix). † Between 1933 and 1940, the Fuehrer avoided the strong and attacked the weak with great triumph. Hitler and the Nazi’s had the uncanny ability to become protean when the circumstances called for it. He also had a huge talent for spotting and taking advantage of the insecurities and vulnerabilities of his opponents. Using these abilities, which might be called Machiavellian logic or simply constructivism, Hitler gained the upper hand in every situation beginning with his elevation to chancellor in January of 1933, and ending with the capitulation of France in July of 1940. However, after the invasion of Russia in July of 1941, he abandoned his constructivist geo–politics in favor of all out pursuit of a policy detrimental to his own country. Because of his hatred of Bolshevism and Jews, Hitler invaded Russia. He had been allied with Stalin and had gotten enormous amounts of oil as well as other raw materials needed for war from the Russians. The invasion put an end to these supplies. The Nazi’s gravely miscalculated the extent to which the Russians were fanatical about their land and not Communism. This â€Å"love of mother Russia† led to the most tenacious fighting in human history. Hitler was on the cusp of ultimate victory when in late 1940 and 1941 he changed that policy, and began to strike at the major powers of Britain, Russia, and eventually the United States. Hitler’s constructivist theory of â€Å"kicking in the 4 oor and the whole thing will collapse,† was a grave misinterpretation from which there was no retreat and deadly consequences (Alexander). Nazi Geo-Political and Socio-Cultural Coups as case studies in Constructivist Leadership During every phase of the development of the Nazi Reich, Hitler would ally with potential enemies to get what he wa nted. When Hitler was appointed chancellor, he was the head of a coalition government that contained people he did not like from both the left and the right politically. However, in a constructivist style all his own he embraced the arrangement to get to power (Evans 2005). Once Hitler became chancellor, he derailed all efforts for any opposition to gain a majority in parliament and on that pretext argued the demise of Reichstag representation. His own party had lost the majority so he was arguing to dissolve his own government. Hitler’s persuasive opinions caused President Hindenburg to acquiesce to the chancellor’s wishes and he dissolved the legislature. New elections were scheduled for early March, but before that could take place, the Reichstag building or the German Parliament burned down (Bullock). It is believed that Hitler’s confederates started the fire and blamed it on Communists. Once there was a perceived threat, the Nazi’s evoked Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution which enabled the chancellor to do away with the civic liberties of the people to protect the nation from fanatical threats from either the left or right. By doing this, the Nazi’s gave the impression that they were the stable element in society and not reactionary radicals, which they actually were. Then as the prize fighter metaphor suggests he simply weaved, bobbed, and counterpunched his way to the Enabling Act. This act fused the office of chancellor and president together giving Hitler dictatorial control of Germany by legal means (Evans 2005). Another episode of Machiavellian constructivist philosophy would be the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939. Hitler hated the Soviet Union and Communism. But he hated the thoughts of a two front war more. In chameleon-like fashion Hitl er courts his most hated enemy in friendship to get what he wants, no counter-attack by the Soviet Union to save Poland. Once he consolidates his Eastern frontier by agreement with the Russians, he hits the Western Democracies (Bullock). Where constructivism really becomes apparent is when one looks at the â€Å"Final Solution. † The Nazi leader stated that if there were no Jews it would be necessary to invent them because the masses need a tangible, concrete enemy and not an abstraction (Fuchs). Since the war many historians have developed various historiographic theories for the policies that led to the Holocaust. Two historical schools of thought have developed: the functionalists and intentionalists. The intentionalists hypothesized that there was a plan for the genocide of the Jews since 1924 (Dawidowicz). Functionalists, also known as structuralists believe that the holocaust was the product of the structural rivalry within the Nazi government and it was functional circumstances that lead the Third Reich from deportation to destruction of the Jews (Browning). Hitler’s actions from 1933 to 1941 involved a policy for forced deportation and exile of Jews. This seems at odds with the planned extermination theory. If he had that plan in mind why would he allow them to leave? One would think he would keep them locked up till he could get the death camps functioning (Framer). 6 Accordingly, a clarification of lexicon may be in order. The functionalist and structuralist schools contend that: 1) Hitler was actually a weak leader who was dependent on governmental and party organizations. 2) Rivalry between four power groups: army, economy, state administration, and Nazi Party/SS lead to constructivist policy making (Browning). The opposite school of thought is the intentionalist which believes that: 1) Hitler was a strong leader and implemented his will. 2) Hitler had a long term plan primarily driven by ideology which he carried out (Marrus). Both interpretations have obvious flaws. The functionalists-structuralists paradigm overlooks the popularity of Hitler, as well as deliberate policy and put too much emphasis on the power and independence of various governmental agencies. The intentionalists ideas put too much emphasis on Hitler’ leadership and his development of a precise plan on paper which he ollowed from the 1920s onward. In recent years, there has been a synthesis of ideas on the Holocaust and a merging of the intentionalitists and functionalists interpretations which suggests that the policy that became the â€Å"Final Solution† was both a top down and bottom up structural construct that involved no master plan (Kenshaw). Clearly the functionalists and the synthesizers are in esse nce saying that the National Socialist policies can be seen as constructivist in that they developed more as a function of the state rather than from coherent plan devised in 1924. Hans Mommsen and Martin Broszat, historians, believe that the National Socialist State was not a modern government but a feudal state with under lords vying for power against others for Hitler’s approval. Accordingly, they contend that Hitler was a reactionary responding to situations rather than taking the lead in formulating policy. 7 Hitler had basic knee jerk reactions to problems that arose and this lead to the development of policy in a piecemeal approach. In addition, Hitler hated paper work so he formulated an idea and let an underling run with it to see what would happen. This constructivist, open ended approach permitted him to leave the minutiae of administrative paper work to others (Framer). His leadership style of constructivism caused a monumental degree of latitude for underlings from different institutions and different paradigms to develop policy. This leeway caused the innate conflicts to emerge within competitive governmental structures which lead to confusion and overlapping authority within the political system (Goldhagen). One can make a case that Hitler and his party developed situational ethics and along with it situational politics. These politics involved ideological ends with no means in place. So the function of the state was to develop the means to give them the end they had in mind as conceived by Hitler. Therefore by combining various historiographical schools of thought, functionalism, structuralism, intentionalism it is plausible that one gets constructivism. Lastly, there are the synthesizers who contend that both interpretations are correct but have flaws. It is my contention as an historian that Hitler was in total control but used a Machiavellian form of leadership that called for bold unches on the world stage. He had an overall goal in mind but no means to reach the goal. So using Machiavellian tactics and applying a constructivist philosophy he was able to successfully get what he wanted by a piecemeal approach, while letting underlings fight out the details at lower levels. This allowed him to take all the credit when things went right and to spread all the blame when things went wrong. 8 Works C ited Alexander, B. (2001). How Hitler could have won the world war II; The fatal errors that led to nazi defeat. New York: Three Rivers Press. Browning, C. R. (2000) Nazi policy, jewish workers, and german killers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bullock, A. (1962) Hitler: A study in tyranny. New York: Penguin Books. Dawidowicz, L. S. (1975) The war against the jews. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Dobry, M. (June 2006) â€Å"Hitler, charisma and structure: Reflections on historical methodology. † Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 157-171. Draper, R. (February 8-22, 1999) â€Å"Decoding the holocaust. † The New Leader, 14-15. Evans, R. J. (2003) The coming of the third reich. New York: Penguin Books. Evans R. J. (2005) The third reich in power. New York: Penguin Books. Farmer, A. (September 2007) â€Å"The unpredictable past, hitler and the holocaust. † History Review, p 4-9. Flew, A. (1979) A dictionary of philosophy. New York: Gremacy Books Fest. J. C. (1973) Hitler. New York; Harcourt Brace and Jovanovich. Fuchs, T. (2000) A concise biography of adolf hitler. New York :Berkley Books. Goldhagen, D. J. (1997) Hitler’s willing exceutioners: Ordinary germans and the holocaust. New York: Vintage Books. Gordon, H. J. (1972) Hitler and the beer hall putsch. Cambridge: Princeton University Press, 1972 Hitler. A. (1975). Mein kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Kenshaw, I. (2000) The nazi dictatorship: problems and perspectives of interpretation New York:Oxford University Press Koonz, C. (2003) The nazi conscience. Cambridge: Bleknap Press of Harvard University Press. Marrus, M. R. (1987) The holocaust in history. London: University Press of England. 9 Ozmon. H. A. (2003) Philosophical foundations of education. Columbus: Prentice-Hall. Rosenbaum, R. (1998) Explaining hitler: The search for the origins of his evil. New York: Basic Books. 10 How to cite Hitler, Papers

Management Practice for Malaysiaan palm Oil Production

Question: Discuss about the Management Practice for Malaysiaan palm Oil Production. Answer: Introduction: The study of management has tremendously evolved in the recent times due to increased and continuous advancement in the field of technologies and dealing with a more sophisticated and educated workforce. Management study primarily focuses on the human resources involved in an organisation or business. The palm oil production in Malaysia has considerably increased over the years. According to a report, there has been 16.9 million tonnes of palm oil production in 2010. The Malaysian palm oil industry is easily able to satisfy the local demands for oil and fats, whereas the excess productions are being exported[1]. The Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) is the supreme government agency that has been assigned with the responsibility of serving the industry of Malaysian palm oil. There primary focus is to develop and promote the countrys objectives, priorities and policies for the growth of the Malaysian palm oil industry. MPOB was established on 1st May, 2000 and was integrated by an Act of Parliament (ACT 582). It was formed by merging two existing agencies, Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia and the Palm Oil Registration and licensing Authority[2]. A Study on Management: Management of an organisation primarily depends on the managers who provide guidance and directions in a company, whether private and public and in businesses. Efficient managers are considered a valued resource in developed countries, whereas in developing countries they are the most needed resources[3]. Efficient managers are able to effectively co-ordinate and combine various resources available in a country, such as, human resource, capital and other natural resources. The management of an organisation helps in the economic development of a country by combining together the four factors of production, they are, people, money, machines and material. According to Peter Drucker, without an effective management the resources of a country can never be converted into product or services[4]. Definition of Manager and Their Skills: Managers can be defined as that individual who have the decision-making power and performs all the managerial functions. They represent only a small part of the total number of employees present in an organisation[5] . It is their responsibility to guide their subordinates and plan effective policies and procedures in order to fulfil organisational goal. According to Robert L.Kartz, effective management depends on three basic types of skills, they are[6] - Technical Skill refers to the managers expertise in the implementation of tools and procedures according to his area of specialisation. Human Skill it refers to the ability to motivate and communicate with people effectively. Here people include colleagues, subordinates, supervisors and other stakeholders. Conceptual Skill this refers to the managers mental ability to conceive plans and effectively execute and implement them in order to achieve organisational goals. MPOB - Planning: Planning is the top most function in the practice of management, which is followed by organising, leading and controlling. It refers to the process of setting targets and developing strategies and means to achieve those goals[7] . Plans must have the ability to change, therefore they must be flexible enough to adapt to changing situation without any undue cost. Since circumstances are changeable, hence a plan must be able to provide for as many contingencies as possible[8]. The Malaysian Palm Oil Board aims to become the supreme organisation by producing institutions for research and development and at the same time by providing impetus and leadership for the growth of a value added, highly varied, sustainable and universally competitive palm oil industry. They also aim for the prosperity of Malaysian Palm Oil industry through development, research and excellent services. In order to fulfil their goal, they have formulated strategies that focuses on the[9] - improvement and expansion of the current usage of palm oil product discover innovative uses for the product improving the production and quality of the product maximise utilisation of land in the areas cultivating palm trees promoting the utilization, consumption and salability of palm oil. In order to fulfil these strategies the MPOB has laid down ceratin effective policies that would in turn determine the countrys economic growth. These policies are[10] they adapted strong industry and market oriented development and research programmes they aggressively undertook commercialism and transfer of technologies to create an active partnership with public and private sectors for utilisation and growth of technology to strengthen their research collaboration and international connection to promote awareness on a global scale, demand and appreciation for Malaysian palm oil and products MPOB is funded primarily from the cess that has been imposed on the organisation for the production of palm oil and palm kernel oil. Moreover, the government also allocates budget to MPOB, to fund projects for developmental purpose and approved research projects under the Intensification of Research in Priority areas (IRPA) programme[11]. MPOB - The Organisational Structure: Organisations are made up of people who work and communicate within the system, individuals who share a common set of interest and values and work together in order to achieve their common objective or goal. Organisations are characterized by the members or employees of the organisation, their common goal or objectives and the structure they formulate to achieve those objectives. Organisational structure varies across different organisations. There are mainly five types of organisational structure, they are, line, line and staff, pure functional, line and functional staff, committee, task force and the matrix organisation. The MPOB follows the committee organisational structure. Committees bring together a group of individuals whose ideas provide solution to a specific or a number of problems[12]. Committee facilitates cooperation and coordination within an organisation and is thus becoming increasingly important. The success of the committee however ultimately depends on skillful leadership. The Board Members of MPOB comprises of a Chairman, representatives from the industry and the Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities appoints government and the Director-General of MPOB. The Board plays a significant leadership role in providing guidance to the organisation. There are various committees serve the Board in the following areas[13] The Programme Advisory Committee comprises of reputed scientists and experts from the country and abroad. They give recommendations on research activities based on annual examination for the Boards consideration[14]. The Task of Organising: The task of organising mainly involves developing a structure or framework of roles for different individuals in an organisation. This means that all the task of an organisation that needs to be done in order to fulfill organisational goals must be assigned to appropriate people who have the required skills and are efficient enough perform those tasks successfully[15]. Detailing of Work - every organisation is established in order to achieve specific goals. This is considered the task of an organisation. The task of MPOB is to enhance the growth of Malaysian palm oil industry through development , research and excellent services. Division of Work - the work must be assigned carefully depending on the qualification and the skills possessed by the staff members. There must also be a fair distribution of work among its members. Departmentalisation - refers to the process of grouping or segmenting related activities, tasks and units of an organisation. Co-ordination of Work - refers to the process of unifying the diversified works of the staff members and at the same time maintaining a co-ordination between various departments, which would help in the fulfillment of organisational goals. Monitoring and Re-organizing Work - since organizing is a continuous process, therefore a manger must assess the organisational structure at regular intervals. It must be flexible so that effective and efficient operation can be attained. This task of organizing can be very well witnessed in the structure of MPOB. The management and administration of MPOB is the responsibility of the Director-General, supported by Deputy Director-General (Services) and Deputy Director-General (Research and Development). The activities of MPOB are also divided into eight divisions, which are headed by Directors[16]. Leadership: Leadership involves the process of effectively dealing with people and influencing them to achieve both individual and organisational goals. According to Richard L.Daft, the concept of leadership keeps evolving with the changing needs of the organisation. In an organisation, the leader focuses on setting the mission, vision and achieving organizational objectives and goals, where as managers focuses on efficiency and productivity. Leadership is a crucial factor of effective management system[17] . The performance of the management under the supervision of managers becomes more effective when it has the element of effective leadership added to it. The Board of MPOB plays a leading role in providing guidance and direction to the agency. The Mininster of Plantation Industries and Commodities appoint all the members of the Board, which comprises of the Chairman, representatives from the industry and the government and the Director-General of MPOB. Several committees serve the Board in various fields. Controlling: One of the most important functions of the organisation is the power to control. Controlling involves the process of assessing the variation between the set organizational standards and performance and the steps needed to be taken to in order to avoid such future variations. It is the process through which the management determines that the actual performance confirms to the planned performance. In order to help the managers, the control process employs various tools and techniques that have been developed over the years. One such controlling tool is the Budgetary Control, which is being adopted by the MPOB to measure the financial standing of the organisation. It monitors assets, actual expenditures, resources and others and compares them with the budget planned. In the case of MPOB, it is funded by the cess imposed on the organisation for the palm oil production. In addition to this, the government also allocates budget in order to fund the organizations developmental project and approved research project under the Intensification of Research in Priority Areas (IRPA) programme. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the management of MPOB is very well planned and the policies and strategies formulated by the Board members effectively guides the management in the fulfillment of their organizational goal of globally competitive and sustainable palm oil industry. The fulfillment of this objective of MPOB would in turn help in the economic growth of the country. References: Hislop, Donald.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press, 2013. Anderson, David R., et al.An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning, 2015. Clegg, Stewart R., Martin Kornberger, and Tyrone Pitsis.Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage, 2015. Alexander, Keith.Facilities management: theory and practice. Routledge, 2013. Frederickson, H. George, and Richard K. Ghere.Ethics in public management. ME Sharpe, 2013. Rothaermel, Frank T.Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2015. Kuipers, Ben S., et al. "The management of change in public organizations: A literature review."Public Administration92.1 (2014): 1-20. Roche, William K., Paul Teague, and Alexander JS Colvin, eds.The Oxford handbook of conflict management in organizations. Oxford University Press, 2014. Armstrong, Michael, and Stephen Taylor.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management Levine, John M., Leigh L. Thompson, and David M. Messick.Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge. Psychology Press, 2013.practice. Kogan Page Publishers, 2014. Levine, John M., Leigh L. Thompson, and David M. Messick.Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge. Psychology Press, 2013. Benschop, Yvonne, et al. "Future challenges for practices of diversity management in organizations."Handbook for Diversity in Organizations, Oxford University Press, Oxford(2015): 553-574. March, James G.Handbook of Organizations (RLE: Organizations). Vol. 20. Routledge, 2013. 'The Official Portal Of Malaysian Palm Oil Board' (Mpob.gov.my, 2017) https://www.mpob.gov.my/ accessed 10 March 2017 Choong, Chee Guan, and Alison McKay. "Sustainability in the Malaysian palm oil industry."Journal of Cleaner Production85 (2014): 258-264. Padfield, Rory, et al. "Landscapes in transition: an analysis of sustainable policy initiatives and emerging corporate commitments in the palm oil industry."Landscape Research41.7 (2016): 744-756. Klaver, Ir Dieuwke, et al. "Future Roles of the State in Governing the Global Palm Oil Industry." (2015). Hislop, Donald.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press, 2013. Anderson, David R., et al.An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning, 2015. Clegg, Stewart R., Martin Kornberger, and Tyrone Pitsis.Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage, 2015. Alexander, Keith.Facilities management: theory and practice. Routledge, 2013. Frederickson, H. George, and Richard K. Ghere.Ethics in public management. ME Sharpe, 2013. Rothaermel, Frank T.Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2015. Kuipers, Ben S., et al. "The management of change in public organizations: A literature review."Public Administration92.1 (2014): 1-20. Roche, William K., Paul Teague, and Alexander JS Colvin, eds.The Oxford handbook of conflict management in organizations. Oxford University Press, 2014. 'The Official Portal Of Malaysian Palm Oil Board' (Mpob.gov.my, 2017) https://www.mpob.gov.my/ accessed 10 March 2017 Choong, Chee Guan, and Alison McKay. "Sustainability in the Malaysian palm oil industry."Journal of Cleaner Production85 (2014): 258-264. Padfield, Rory, et al. "Landscapes in transition: an analysis of sustainable policy initiatives and emerging corporate commitments in the palm oil industry."Landscape Research41.7 (2016): 744-756. Klaver, Ir Dieuwke, et al. "Future Roles of the State in Governing the Global Palm Oil Industry." (2015). Armstrong, Michael, and Stephen Taylor.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management Levine, John M., Leigh L. Thompson, and David M. Messick.Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge. Psychology Press, 2013.practice. Kogan Page Publishers, 2014. Levine, John M., Leigh L. Thompson, and David M. Messick.Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge. Psychology Press, 2013. Benschop, Yvonne, et al. "Future challenges for practices of diversity management in organizations."Handbook for Diversity in Organizations, Oxford University Press, Oxford(2015): 553-574. March, James G.Handbook of Organizations (RLE: Organizations). Vol. 20. Routledge, 2013.

Planning for public administration

Planning refers to working out in an extensive outline, things that need to be done as well as the methods of doing them to achieve the determined organization’s goals. It can also be referred to as looking into the future and coming up with decisions on what should be done depending on the occurrence of events. Planning is one of the most significant roles in administration as it sets the prototype of other activities to be pursued.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning for public administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is accorded dominance with the reason that it is the first role that is performed and its outcomes are the plans that dole out as the direct for the actions of staff members. In an administration some plans are made to serve a given project while others are relatively permanent in nature hence referred to as standing plans which include procedures, policies as well as methods . In its simplest form planning is an activity that can be carried out by any associate of the administration as it encompasses setting missions, objectives as well as acts of achieving them. Planning in a broad spectrum engrosses making decisions as well as choosing future of actions from the set out substitutes. In public administration planning is crucial as it bridges the gap flanked by where an administration is and where it intends to be in future and therefore it calls for bringing in new things as well as workable implementation strategies. In a public administration without planning, actions are aimless. It plays a great role in ensuring that the members know their purposes, tasks, the guidelines to follow as well as their objectives in the administration for an efficient flow of the desired goals. Planning encompasses a range of constituents which include; Developing strategies and plans. Formulation of decision making processes. Establishing goals. Evaluation of environm ental resources. In public administration there are various merits that come hand in hand with planning. Some of them include supplying the organization with firm administration as well as with financial structure for a proficiently change from the developer control. This is specifically done via setting up goals that are effective as well as attainable. Such goals engross evading huge assessments and also staying away from special assessments. To come up with such firm management, the set out goals must contribute to continuation of satisfied plans as well as a tress-free organization. Another merit in a public administration is that the owners have a right to be heard in organization administration.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also serves as a prepared technique to collect owners’ contribution in addition to setting off fact- based techniques as well as ai ms by which the organization gathers this key in. Planning also has great merits to the administrator since it supplies the director with a calculated base for creation of human resource choice (Adams 1982). Planning also allows the manager to look forward to modify to a certain extent than being astonished by actions, as well as supplying tactical schemes for tackling at hand and also predictable personnel concern. It also helps in attaining measurable programs and results that is, by recognizing in quantifiable conditions what the government aims to achieve as well as basing prospect budgetary verdicts on realizing those objectives. To pull off this assessable line up, the management has to ensure that only the right employees are on board and the necessary apparatus, spur and structures are made obtainable. The responsibility to work efficiently in any enterprise is also brought by managerial success in planning. The administration is also in a position to deal with analytically concerns that drive workforce via planning. A major merit in planning in a public administration is that the managers as well as the programs are made more valuable. It is also through planning that the directors are endowed with deliberate basis for human resource administration managerial that is intended at attaining program objectives. Planning in a public administration also assists the manager with the required data when making premeditated choices. The associations are also in a position to venture statistically as well as make strategies for putting back vanished competencies. In public administration planning has merits in a way that it provides the management with a gear to take in hand the changes in line up way that impacts the kind of work being carried out as well as giving the manager an opportunity to make out ways in which skills can change proficiencies required in the administration. In a broad line of attack, planning has a great advantage in facilitating develop ing progression of the association’s objectives, evading the traps of linear philosophy, recognizing chances, generating alertness of hindrance to winning through over, facilitating control and also approximating association’s activities, directing and also uniting efforts and motivating thinking with the aim of improving the organization resources (Bathgate 1956).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning for public administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, there are several weaknesses that may arise from planning within the public administration. To begin with, is deprived scheduling. When planning is poorly done, the achievement of the set goals and objectives by an institution is not reached hence the chances of losing increase. Secondly, it is the lack of links between guiding principles assembly, setting up and accounting. Planning in any organization must review the r elationship flanked by the policies making, planning and budgeting. This is because the three conditions go hand in hand in any strategizing for the communal management of an association. Underprivileged spending run is another weakness of planning. An already made plan may fail due to poor expenditure control of the resources available. Managers should be very keen on spending to avoid these failures. In addition, insufficient financial support of continuation and functioning of an enterprise is another weakness that is found in planning of public organizing. Moreover, lack of proper accounting systems is a fault to any public administration set up. In conclusion, small relationships between budgets as formulated and the budget as executed, unreliability in the flow of budgeted funds to agencies and to lower levels of government, unfortunate management of outer aid, scarce coverage of financial recital, deprived cash management and defectively motivated staff are other types of wea knesses that may arise as a result of planning for public administration. In any planning, weaknesses should not exceed the merits (Bhasin 1976). This is because, when disadvantages are more than advantages the plan loses its purpose naturally. Managers of different organization are called upon to strictly follow the process of organizing wisely to avoid feebly implementation of a plan. In order to accomplish the set procedures in any public administration, proper planning of time allocation should be put into consideration bearing in mind that moment wasted is never recovered. References Adams, M. E. (1982). Agricultural extension in developing countries. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex: Longman.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bathgate, F. (Ed.). (1956). Experiment in extension-The Goon Sathi. London: Oxford. University Press. Bhasin, K. (1976). Participatory training for development. Bangkok: FAO. This essay on Planning for public administration was written and submitted by user MotherAskani to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Make Use of the Praxis Essay Sample Questions

Make Use of the Praxis Essay Sample QuestionsThe Praxis Essay Sample Questions has become a reliable choice for the students of English. With the passage of time, the world of employment and education has undergone drastic changes which have led to a great change in the mindsets of the students of English. It is hence important to check on the Praxis Essay Sample Questions for aspiring students of English.The new generation of students of English wants to excel in his or her profession. The only way to attain this is by attaining mastery over the grammar and reading comprehension skills. This is the reason why the Praxis Essay Sample Questions has become a hit among the students of English. The results of this instrument are inspiring because it gives fresh ideas to the students. It boosts the morale of the students who have been stuck in the corner for so long.There are various categories of Praxis Essay Sample Questions which covers the analytical part of the English Language. Whil e they may be classified under the analytical part of the exam, they cover almost all parts of the English Language. As such, the students who use these test questions obtain good marks in the analytical part of the exam. However, the test questions are designed in such a manner that the students can easily know the right answer for each question.There are several methods of getting a student to excel in an exam. Some of the popular ways include looking up the information through a manual, drawing a conclusion through a guide, checking for examples online, following a recommended answer or even comparing the answers of different students. The answers provided in the questions on the Praxis Essay Sample Questions do not follow any of these ways. They take the liberty of giving the right answer to the question. In this way, the students can easily get their desired results.The test questions on the Praxis Essay Sample Questions are not assigned randomly. Each question is prepared keep ing the student's requirements in mind. While some of the questions ask the students to have an in depth knowledge about the subject, others seek to know how they answer the question. This methodology is used so that the students get the required result on the written examination.The Praxis Essay Sample Questions is one of the sources through which the teachers give hints on various subjects. Teachers can make use of the various lessons which are available on the internet. A teacher who wishes to understand something deeper should go through the details in the Questions. Many have been left astounded by the number of queries that can be asked with the help of the Praxis Essay Sample Questions. Even students have been impressed with the questions in terms of their effectiveness and efficiency.As far as the Praxis Essay Sample Questions are concerned, it is evident that it has become an important source for the students of English. The student gets the necessary information on many th ings. The classroom exercises are also covered under the questions on the Praxis Essay Sample Questions.

Object Orientated Computing essays

Object Orientated Computing essays The object orientated approach has changed the way in which computing and programming has been done in the past. These changes affect almost everyone and with computing technology becoming more and more integrated with business and every day life it is useful to look at the importance of these changed to the technology industry. Object orientation is a method of computing by which objects, which are encapsulated procedures for handling data, perform actions based on instructions from a client. In other words the client issues and instruction which the object performs using its own procedures for handling the data received from the client. This differs to the procedural approach in that in the procedural approach the client has perform the procedures for the action to be completed. This is easier to understand using an example. Suppose you were asked to update a system in a company to include a function which calculated employees pay. Using the procedural approach you would be faced with the task of writing an entire programm which would then read all the data required for the calculation and and carry out the task. Using the object orientated approach would mean that all the programmer has to do is use an existing object which calculates employee pay and let it calculate the pay for you. The fact that programmers now dont have to rewrite code every time they want to update or creat a new system is a very important point. It means that systems can be implemented faster, easier and more cost effectively. Why try and create something which has already been successfully created. By encapsulating computing and programming procedures in objects the system is less likey to be negatively affected by change. The reason for this being that any changes made will not affect the objects as the procedures required for the actions of the objects are retained within the objects and cannot be accessed from outside the object. Object ori...

Long Island University (LIU) Brooklyn Admissions Info

Long Island University (LIU) Brooklyn Admissions Info Long Island University Brooklyn Admissions Overview: Long Island University (LIU) in Brooklyn is a generally open school; the acceptance rate is around 88%. Students can apply using the schools application, or with the Common Application. Additional required materials include an essay, letters of recommendation, and high school transcripts. SAT and/or ACT scores are not required, but students can submit them if they wish. For complete instructions, prospective students should visit LIU Brooklyns website, or contact the admissions office.   Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): Long Island University Brooklyn Acceptance Rate: 88%GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for LIU Brooklyn AdmissionsWhat SAT numbers meanNortheast Conference SAT score comparisonWhat ACT numbers meanNortheast Conference ACT score comparison Long Island University Description Founded in 1926, Long Island Universitys Brooklyn campus is located in the heart of Brooklyn, a block from Fort Greene Park. The school is one of the most diverse in the country, and it takes pride in serving many first-generation college students from around the globe. The university has strong programs in the health sciences and has affiliations with some of the worlds top hospitals and pharmaceutical companies. The campus sits adjacent to the Brooklyn Hospital Center. The university has a 15 to 1  student/faculty ratio. Nursing is the most popular bachelors degree program. In athletics, the LIU Blackbirds compete in the NCAA Division I  Northeast Conference. The school fields 14 Division I sports. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 7,609  (4,275 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 31% Male / 69% Female88% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17) Tuition and Fees: $36,256Books: $2,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $13,426Other Expenses: $2,500Total Cost: $54,182 LIU Brooklyn Financial Aid (2015  - 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 96%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 94%Loans: 61%Average Amount of AidGrants: $19,592Loans: $6,683 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, Marketing, Nursing, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 61%Transfer Out Rate: 40%4-Year Graduation Rate: 8%6-Year Graduation Rate: 28% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Basketball, Track and Field, Soccer, Golf, Soccer, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Basketball, Volleyball, Soccer, Track and Field, Bowling, Golf, Lacrosse, Soccer Data Source National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like LIU Brooklyn, You May Also Like These Schools CCNY, City College of New York (CUNY):  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHunter College (CUNY):  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphYork College (CUNY):  ProfilePace University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSt. Johns University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphLIU Post Campus:  ProfileFordham University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMassachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences:  ProfileAlbany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences:  Profile