Analysing Premise Upon Which Every Child Matters Social Work Essay Example

Analysing Premise Upon Which Every Child Matters Social Work Essay Example Analysing Premise Upon Which Every Child Matters Social Work Essay Analysing Premise Upon Which Every Child Matters Social Work Essay Before the argument goes any farther in its attempt to construct the remainder of us better parents, possibly it may hold to see at what is traveling on in its ain secret plan. ( Millar, 2006 ) As the disposal launches Care Matters, a betterment programme aimed at transforming the lives of brood in the lovingness system the state of affairs is a rotten parent utter its critics ( DfES, 2006d ; Millar, 2006 ; Sergeant, 2006 ) . For all its denouncements of job parents and anti-social households, this disposal like those before it has a really hapless record when it comes to looking after the kids for which it has parental duty. It is argued that the kids purportedly in its attention, or who are to utilize the official term looked after, are in fact anything but. Care is neglecting on a graduated table that is ruinous , says the author of one scathing study, every bit good as neglecting society and perpetuating an lower class of cocottes, drug nuts and felons ( Sergeant, 2006, p1 ) . Curiously, this is a sentiment echoed by the authorities itself in relation to kids raised in their ain households. But before sing the official discourse about the impact of bad rearing on kids and in bend society ; I want to take a brief expression at the treatment around kids in attention, as it is by respects this bunch that the province s intercessions are usually seen to be most hard. As disparagers of the attention system by no agencies enervate of indicating out, the outcomes for kids are awful. A batch of immature citizens spend their care callings traveling as of one arrangement to another, sometimes traveling between different parts of the state, and as a consequence attend a figure of different schools. This inescapably has an impact on their quality of life and their educational public presentation. Merely 1 in 10 achieves five good GCSEs and many leave devoid of any certificates at all. Care departers are more likely to be excluded from school and to be unemployed when they leave. Few go into post-compulsory instruction, and far fewer ( a figure of 1 % is sometimes quoted ) will travel on to higher instruction. They are more likely to acquire a cautiousness or condemnable strong belief, and history for a big option of immature wrongdoers, grownup captives, and street homeless ( DfES, 2006c ; CSCI, 2006a ; Sergeant, 2006 ; Millar, 2006 ; Goddard, 2003 ; C abinet Office, 2005 ) . On the plus side, the sum of kids in attention in the UK has decreased as of around 7.5 per 1,000 ( 100,000 kids ) in the 1970s, to around 5.5 per 1,000 ( or 70,000 ) kids at nowadays ( Bullock et Al, 2006 ) . But even this is to overrate the figure of kids who spend a drawn-out period in attention. In England, for case, there are around 45,000 ( DfES, 2006c ) kids populating in the attention system for 12 months or more. There has besides been a displacement from a trust on residential judicial admission to a attention system preponderantly made up of Foster attention agreements. There is an increasing accent on utilizing kinship arrangements as opposed to, or as a less riotous mode of, suiting a kid ( Bullock et Al, 2006 ) . In this respect, at least, the state of affairs has arguably improved for looked after kids. The Children Act 1989 represented a displacement from parental rights to parental duties . Harmonizing to critics local governments were guilty of using a minimalist reading of their duties under the Act to kids in the attention system. Harmonizing to one observer at that place has since been an enlargement of the province s direct parenting duties and an effort to retroflex the actions of good parents ( Goddard, 2003, p29 ) . This is instantly evident in Care Matters which says that the State has a particular duty for their well-being. Like any good parent, it should set its ain kids foremost ( DfES, 2006d, p31 ) . However, for some the job of the State as replacement parent is an intrinsic 1. It is argued that as a corporate and many-sided entity tied to the immature individual neither by kinship nor heritage the State has a potentially disruptive influence. The separation of existent attention from formal duty ( Bullock et Al, 2006, p8 ) is ineluctable. A deficiency of security, support and permanency for the looked after kid blight the system ( Ibid, p15 ) . Although ultimate duty rests with cardinal authorities, it is local governments that have a legal and moral responsibility to their several attention populations. It is this responsibility which is normally being referred to when the term corporate parent is used ( Dobson, 1998 ) . Corporate parenting is about the cooperation of local services e.g. wellness, instruction, lodging and societal attention in looking after a kid ( DfES, 2003b ; DoH, 1989 ) . It is about the societal worker co-coordinating the work of each skilled involved by agencies of a peculiar kid ; and supervising the daily attention that the kid receives from their carer ( Jackson, Ajayi and Quigley, 2005 ) . The societal worker like the local councilor sometimes seen as the personification of the corporate parent is an necessarily inconsistent parent ( DfES, 2006d ) given the troubles that local governments have by agencies of employees keeping. However, though each dramas their portion in sabotaging the atten tion experience for immature people, these are proficient statements that do nt get down to undertake the political character of province intercession in the life of kids and households. The Children ( Leaving Care ) Act 2000, for case, gave legal force to the consensus that post-care agreements were unequal ( Grover, Stewart and Broadhurst, 2004 ; Goddard, 2003 ; Bullock et Al, 2006 ) . The decision of research conducted in the 1980s- 90s was that go forthing attention was even more debatable than the attention experience itself ( Goddard, 2003 ) . The statement that [ T ] he province besides has to accept long-run duty for kids into early maturity ( Bullock et Al, 2006, p16 ) was readily accepted. But the extension of post-care support, nevertheless justifiable in practical footings, besides implied the extension of childhood for the care-leaver to at slightest the age of 21 in maintaining with the experience of their stay at place equals populating outside the attention system ( DfES, 2000a ; DfES, 2006d ) . This resonance by agencies of broad cultural tendencies has nevertheless gone unexamined. This matter-of-fact tone of the statement about the weaknesss of kids s societal attention besides means that the wider significance of corporate parenting is mostly disregarded. As stated in the regulation handbill that first made explicit elected members duties, when you were chosen as a local Councilor, you took on important duties for the wellness in add-on to good being of all kids in your country ( Dobson, 1998 ) . Written by Frank Dobson, Minister for Health at the clip, it launched the authorities s Quality Protects enterprise, aimed at bettering the life opportunities of vulnerable kids . It besides made clear that notwithstanding councilors peculiar duties to other children in demand ; they besides had a duty to go to to every kid in their country. The centre on the desperate chances of the 8,000 immature people go forthing the attention system each twelvemonth is apprehensible. However it leaves unexamined the broader deductions of the corporate parenting function at present assumed by the State. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, assorted positions of corporate parenting have been reviewed as the footing of the farther research. First, the research worker clarifies the general constructs of corporate parenting. Then services and merchandises, and the demand for alteration in schemes, is explained in inside informations. In the modern-day universe where everything whether its personal security, concern and or any other thing one feels in security and uncertainness. Similar is the instance with good parenting and parents do experience threatened by the fact that if they are working category who had to work every bit good as expression after the kids as good, it makes life hard for them as they have got this feeling that are or possibly non that much successful to go goo parents as they have or might neglect in doing their kid a perfect homo and supply him/her whatever he or she needs. This is where authorities comes to play function and authorities organic structures like councils are assigned with this undertaking of covering with this issue of corporate parenting. This survey is an attempt carried out in order to enable one to understand the demand and importance, the challenges, the menaces, the hereafter chances that are or can be faced by this topic of corporate parenting. ( Aldous, J. , Klaus, E. , A ; Klein, D. ( 1985 ) ) The chapter ends with a sum-up of the literature reappraisal. 2.1 What is Corporate Rearing ? Corporate Parenting is the word used to explicate the joint duty that the local authorization and its associate bureaus have for their Looked after Children ( LAC ) and Care Leavers . The Children Act 2004 says that important bureaus including wellness, the constabulary and all phases of local authorities, have a responsibility to co-operate to protect the public assistance of kids. The Government s White Paper, ( 2007: p.20 ) accent that this duty to collaborate underpins the agreements for efficient Corporate Parenting . North East Lincolnshire Council s Children and Family Services offer the mundane attention intended for looked after kids ; this includes guaranting that they all have a annual wellness rating and dental cheque. We will besides measure the consequences of emotional wellness testing for looked after kids and guarantee that suited support is accessible on an single and group beginning. It is ensured that all attention departers are registered with a physician. However, it is critical that the wider local influence sections and spouse bureaus besides contribute to retrieving results for these immature people. ( Aldous, J. , Klaus, E. , A ; Klein, D. ( 1985 ) ) 2.2 Why is Corporate rearing important? Childs who are taken into the concern of the local authorization are several of the by and large vulnerable and deprived kids in our society. Corporate Parents have a shared duty to offer them with the best accomplishable parenting and chances, based upon their single demands. Corporate Parenting Local Advancement: Corporate Parenting Board held its first meeting in October 2007. Meetings are held 6 times a twelvemonth. Membership of the panel is made up of Elected Members and Corporate Directors from all North East Lincolnshire Council ( NELC ) Directorates. Corporate Parenting Working Group alleged its first assemblage in August 2008. The group is made up of Corporate Parenting Champions, who have been selected by their Directorate. The Working Group undertakes undertakings focused by the Corporate Parenting Board. Meetings are scheduled for 6 times a twelvemonth. Care Matters ( 2007 ) needs that each country established a Council for Children in Care ( CfCiC ) and develops a Pledge for their Children in Care. In North East Lincolnshire we have had a little but consistent group of immature people attend our CfCiC. We are soon working with them to widen involvement and advancement attending at the CfCiC. Some of our LAC, including those on the CfCiC, has worked jointly to make a papers sketching what they might desire from a promise. The Corporate Parenting Working Group is soon in the procedure of bring forthing the concluding Pledge papers, in treatment with the immature people. 2.3 Critics positions about corporate parenting: While critics of the corporate parenting system neer seem to b tired of bespeaking the outcomes for such kids are awful. Great Numberss of immature people spend their care calling relocating from one place to another, at times traveling between assorted parts of the state, and as a consequence attend several different schools. Unsurprisingly all this puts an feeling on the status of their life and their academic public presentation. Harmonizing to the survey, merely 1 in 10 gets able to make good plenty to acquire five good GCSEs and tonss of them even leave without any makings at all. It has been observed that bulk of the pupils who are excluded from schools are the attention departers and they are more likely to be remained unemployed when they leave. Few go into post-compulsory instruction, and far fewer ( a figure of 1 % is sometimes quoted ) will travel on to higher instruction. They are more likely to acquire a cautiousness or condemnable strong belief, and history for a big minority of immature wrongdoers, grownup captives, and street homeless ( DfES, 2006c ; CSCI, 2006a ; Sergeant, 2006 ; Millar, 2006 ; Goddard, 2003 ; Cabinet Office, 2005 ) . On the plus side, the sum of kids in attention in the UK has decreased as of about 7.5 Per 1,000, 100,000 kids in the 1970s, to about 5.5 per 1,000 ( or 70,000 ) kids today ( Bullock et Al, 2006 ) . However even this is to misjudge the figure of kids who spend a drawn-out period in attention. In England for case, there are around 45,000 ( DfES, 2006c ) kids populating in the attention system for 12 months or more. There has besides been a move as of a trust on lodging judicial admission to a attention system preponderantly made up of Foster attention agreements. There is an increasing accent on utilizing kinship arrangements as opposed to, or as a less riotous manner of, suiting a kid ( Bullock et Al, 2006 ) . In this respect, at least, the state of affairs has arguably improved for looked after kids. 2. 4 Service-user Engagement Legal A ; policy context: Duties A ; History Meeting immature people requires bipartisan operation to set off societal exclusion. Dissimilar service user experiences of go forthing attention, for case, a cared Leaver a secure Foster arrangement compared with that of a attention Leaver go forthing a local influence tally attention place, looking at the assorted of the arguable issues such as accommodation, Education and preparation and wellness. The nucleus capableness construct appealed imposingly to companies disheartened with variegation, it did non present any practical guidelines for mounting corporate-level scheme. To make full the spread, the writers recommend the parenting construction, by agencies of utensils intended for replying two inquiries: Which trade should a concern own? What rearing progress will acquire the finest presentation as of those trades? To make up ones mind the vigorous affecting a parent every bit good as its trades, concern strategians should stare at four stages: the critical accomplishment issues of the trade, the parenting chances in the trade, the individualisms of the parent, every bit good as the economic radioactive dusts. Subsequently, to set up which trades to maintain asset which to deprive, they should rank them into five groups: those that in form good ; those that fit in a figure of ways ; those that fit nevertheless have been little likely ; those with an chance of deserving annih ilation ; plus those that fit in rearing chances nevertheless non in important success factors. ( Aquilino, W. ( 1997 ) . From stripling to immature grownup ) The overturning aim of corporate parenting is to vouch that the Local Authority and its spouses act jointly as a good parent . A good parent is one who puts their kid foremost, maintain them safe, listens to them, meets their physical, societal, cultural, psychological, wellness, educational and emotional demands ; battles on their behalf ; It develops their full potency and supports them through to independence Every Child Matter, Change for Children ( C4C ) is a national plan of incorporation and service re-modeling, which puts kids at the Centre of service design and bringing. To better meet results for kids Walsall has recognized its ain C4C plan, which seeks to integrate cosmopolitan and targeted services at the head where suitable. Integrate planning and procedure Integrate administration agreements throughout the Walsall kids s Trust Elected members have a cardinal function to play in guaranting the local authorization meets its aims. ( Aquilino, W. ( 1997 ) . From stripling to immature grownup ) 2.5 Rearing scheme Sefton s distinguishes that all parents desire to make the greatest intended for their kids. Not merely is rearing the top occupation, but it is every bit good one of the firmest plants in the Earth. Sefton s parenting policy sets out how Sefton Children s Trust purposes to keep up parents in conveying up kids. It has five cardinal feats. Strategic Annoyed cutting Parenting policy made, which includes a thematic manner to doing the Think a household plan, the no incorrect door attack. The development of a strategic lead for rearing, specifying the nucleus results for the program inside the results for ECM ; The scheme will besides vouch that all practicians working with parents are adept at that ground. 2.6 part plus conference A part / conference policy urbanized in association by agencies of parents plus practicians, making suited chances for them to be concerned in planning, development, administration and appraisal of all applicable services and policies ; 2.7 Information Precise, available and up-to-date information sing parent support services is gettable for parents, prospective parents and practicians. 2.8 Commissioning Working together to acknowledge spreads and precedences for nucleus widespread and targeted services, in line with by and large commissioning construction for parent support and wider kids s services ; 2.9 Safeguarding In emanation with the Think Family method, all relevant staff can measure and acknowledge Safeguarding demands of kids inside susceptible households and act appropriately following LSCB processs. These actions will be efficient every six months and the present action program will be presented here. ( Aquilino, W. ( 1997 ) . Sefton recognizes that Parents have a main influence on the felicity of their kids, prospect informative accomplishment and shared behaviours. There are many dissimilar ways of conveying kids up good, and a batch of dissimilar types of households. Bing a parent is non everlastingly easily, every bit good as the bulks parents require to hold several upholds every bit good as advice at some stage in their kids s lives. Parent support is a wide word, and can be interpreted in dissimilar ways. At its bosom is the gratitude that parents have the most considerable control on a kid s societal, physical and emotional felicity. Meeting parents desires for support, as early and expeditiously as likely, is accordingly, critical if kids are to carry through their potency in life and experience good results, both as kids, and subsequently as grownups and parents themselves. Parent support services are defined as: ( Aquilino, W. ( 1997 ) . Any activity or installation aimed at supplying information, advice and support to parents to assist them in conveying up their kids. Parents have dissimilar degrees of require sing their parenting function, which consecutive require the suited degree and type of support. Parent support services can be viewed on a assortment from turning away and ill-timed invasion through to more authorization and thorough services, numbering those that have an extent of enforcement attached to them. Degrees of demand may alter at dissimilar times in the lives both of kids and parents. ( Aquilino, W. ( 1997 ) . Sefton s Parenting Apparition Parents to obtain high quality receptive services, which meet their demands. Parents to acknowledge their rights and duties Parents are listened to and their visions used to organize future services. Parents recognize sing and hold entree to information refering services, which are gettable for them and their households. Servicess work jointly to back up the full household. 2.9.1 What unsimilarity will present the scheme do? Gaps in rearing support are identified and are addressed. Positions of parents will hold been used to organize possible services. Parents in susceptible fortunes will hold used rearing support more quickly. Practitioners will hold expected to develop to present high quality rearing support plans. Parents better acknowledge the effects and benefits of helpful drama and relaxation clip with their kids. Easier entree to information refering rearing support. Staff trained and supported to work expeditiously in partnership with parents. It does non count where a parent goes to for support but that will obtain the aid and support that they need. The Strategy looks for to: Provide attention in plain scenes and entryway to Education, Leisure activities, adjustment and other public services to which all kids are entitled harmonizing to their demands. Supply appropriate attention, construction and way to back up the kid s development and be a tolerant, reliable and supportive spouse in the adult/child relationship. Support productive and suited friendly relationships. Celebrate and administer our kids s accomplishments. Distinguish and esteem their enlargement to independency by being charitable and supportive. Offer dependable support and be gettable through offer advice and practical aid when needed. Advocate and trouble-shoot on their behalf. Be determined for them and carry and back up their attempts to accomplish their possible, through instruction, preparation or employment. Celebrate birthdays and festivals inside the single kid s faith and civilization. Encourage and facilitate suited contact with household members where it is in the kid s best involvements to make so. Carry them to feel portion of the local Community through contact with local organisations Make certain admittance to suited wellness services 2.9.2 Every Looked After kid and immature individual has the right to: High category arrangements A choice of arrangement to run into their demands Well skilled and experient staff and cared. Timely determinations, forceful programs and usual reappraisals Not to be treated in a different manner, since they are looked after. Entree to first-class quality instruction Entree to employment chances Entree to happen quality room when they leave attention. High quality support once they leave attention for given that they need admittance to feature, leisure and cultural activities. For their shared parent to hold aspirations for them To hold their accomplishments renowned and rewarded. To be unafraid To be cherished 2.9.3 Bettering corporate parenting Underneath summarizes the systems and processes that require being in a place to help a local influence meet its duties as a corporate parent. Corporate parenting may be delivered throughout dissimilar systems and constructions in different governments. On the other manus, in all instances kids and immature people in attention should be given a strong influence, every bit good as those most at danger of nationalisation, for case, handicapped kids and those with communicating troubles. Directors of Children s Services and Lead Members should obtain the usher in guaranting that they are listened to both independently and jointly and that their demands are met. In each country, the constituents outlined below should be in topographic point, irrespective of the local corporate parenting construction. Strong corporate parenting agreements are critical to bettering all services for kids and immature people in attention. 2.9.4 Components of effectual corporate parenting Whatsoever constructions subsist in a kids s services influence, there are convinced cardinal elements of corporate parenting that require being in a place. The Director of Children s Services and Lead Member have in general answerability for taking corporate parenting agreements both across the influence and with its spouses in the kids s trust. Governments may besides delegate a group of senior functionaries with answerability for the shared parenting of kids in attention. The answerability and authorization agreements of these groups must be clear. Whatsoever constructions exist in a kids s services influence, kids s part is an of import portion of the process. We suppose every local influence to establish Children in Care Council to vouch that every kid has the juncture to aerate their positions. In doing these agreements, the local influence should see as in peculiar the demands of handicapped kids and really immature kids, and of those kids who are non members of the council themselves. During the Children in Care Council, kids and immature people should be capable of put their experiences of the attention system unswervingly to those accountable for corporate parenting including the DCS and Lead Member, who should demo how they will continue contact with kids and immature people in attention. In exerting their maps, those accountable for organizing corporate rearing need efficient direction information. This information should cover up fifty quantitative informations, such as instruction and wellness results for looked subsequent to kids, and fifty qualitative informations, for case, the positions of consumers of services sing the high quality and suitableness of the services to piece their demands and achieve good results. Strategic planning, policies, protocols and partnerships should back up and inform the work of the group. Children s religion agreements, underpinned by the duty to collaborate ( Children Act 2004 ) and the schools duty to promote good being, offer the context for developing better corporate parenting. Children and Young People s Plans should put out how the kids s trust will cover with the demands of looked after kids and care-leavers. Passage to grownup services, in add-on to the status of grownup services for parents and cared, should be integrated within this strategic program to warrant coordinated services that meet the assessed demands of the kid. Other arguments that can be of critical usage is the inquiry that ever pops up in one s head as whether the corporate parenting is necessary or non, whether it s merely an action or corporate attempt both by the parent and local governments of the modern age where they merely execute this or speak about this merely for the interest of mentioning because it s at that place in the system. The reply to that after a twosome of studies would decidedly be no. It s non merely at that place because it non needed and it at that place for the interest of a formality, it s at that place because of the important function that it can play or has played in the yesteryear to day of the month. Corporate parenting where parents and local governments perform jointly in order to procure the hereafter of immature and approaching coevalss is a really positive and good attack. UK is one of the luckiest states, which has got this system and is followed with all due to duties were other states are missing. It is really realistic and reasonable to hold the construct of corporate parenting in the system and doing certain that it s working decently as this non merely merely enables the parents to a great extent to take a suspiration of alleviation as they have got this local authorization playing a spouse function in doing their child future secure, but at the same clip it besides enables the authorities organic structures to guarantee that child and kids are all in safe custodies. As this will merely guarantee a better and safer hereafter for everyone with fewer ratios of offense and other wretchednesss that can go on to a society if kids are non in safe and good custodies, if their instruction and expression after is at kink. Chapter 3 Research Methodology 3. 1 Research Methodology 3.1.1 Research Doctrine Research doctrine depends on the manner that the research worker thinks about the development of cognition. There are two positions about the research procedure Positivism and phenomenology. They are different, but both have an of import portion to play in corporate parenting. It would be easy to fall into the trap of believing that one research doctrine is better than another. This would lose the point. They are better at making different things. As ever, which is better depending on the research inquiries the research worker is seeking to reply. The intent of this research is to understand how to better the industry image and the sweetening, the growing and besides to understand why should at that place be extended in corporate parenting construct more and more? How can these services be extended and managed? What are the effects? Products and services are extremely intangible assets and, as a consequence, are non easy measured. 3.1.2 Research Approach The research undertaking will affect the usage of theory. That theory may or may non be explicit in the design of the research. The context to which the research worker is clear about the theory at the beginning of the research undertaking, this is whether the research worker should utilize the deductive attack or the inductive attack. The inductive attack is applied in conformity with the research doctrine. The research worker does non put up hypothesis in this research. The research worker understands why some services are successful and what the effects of good corporate parenting image are. The purpose is non to deconcentrate the out semen of the survey, because the findings show the sentiment of a smaller figure of public or parents that the research worker would run into. The little sample informations does non stand for the population of all British parents. The research worker physically meets the parents and asks inquiries in individual utilizing the interviewer administrated questionnaires. Although the questionnaire is connected to quantitative informations and a deductive attack, the inductive attack is still the most appropriate. 3.1.3 Research scheme The intent of the research is to derive an penetration into the merchandises and services extension in the corporate parenting The research worker chooses afield that is corporate parenting every bit good as it offers great potency for analyzing the issues related to a corporation from the parents side, kid s hereafter, instruction, commanding offense and with all these accomplishments with a positive image, in possibly the best known illustration of successful unrelated variegation ; if it is true that all of their services are extended successfully through their alone corporate parenting schemes ; what do the populace think about the corporate parenting and the information and merchandises i.e. instruction provided to them? To acquire a basic apprehension of these ; The research worker seeks to happen out what the parents think about the parenting constructs and the assorted images about them. The chief resource for this research is a study ; the study method is a popular and common scheme in concern and direction research or any other industry. It allows the aggregation of a big sum of informations from a ample population in a extremely economical manner. A study is frequently based on a questionnaire with standardised inquiries, which are good for comparings. Consequently, the result of a study is easy to understand and presents a just overview of what participants think. 3.2 Method of Information Collection 3.2.1 Primary Research The Primary information is collected by a study method. The research uses a standardised questionnaire to happen out the parents or local governments, attitude towards the corporate parenting. Prior to utilizing the questionnaire to roll up informations, the research worker undertook a pilot provi

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TFYJUTG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

TFYJUTG - Essay Example military buildup was intensified at the Persian Gulf. During this time, President Bush, other top U.S. officials and British Prime Minister Tony Blair were continually indicating that Iraq were not willing to offer full corporation with U.N. weapons inspectors, even when top world leaders from France, Germany and Russia called for more time for the exercise. Bush Administration intensified its allegation of the Iraq’s alleged weapons of mass destruction after the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. Bush named Iraq, Iran and North Korea as evil nations in his State of Union address in 2002. The vice president Cheney also accused Saddam Hussein of seeking weapons of mass destruction as an avenue of dominating Middle East and to threat the U.S. oil supplies. The allegations fueled speculations of the likability of the U.S. to act unilaterally against Iraq. The United States invasion of IRAQ was not justified because there is no evidence that IRAQ has Weapons of Mass Destruction, c omplicity in the 9/11 attacks, and or al –Qaeda connection. The root of conflict between U.S. and Iraq is the firm position of the U.S. especially under Bush Administration that Saddam must be toppled since he cannot be deterred from using weapons of mass destruction. ... Explanations from oil, imperialism, militarism, Israel and free markets have been offered, some of which are mutually exclusive, and all seems to enlighten more than they satisfy the human need for simplification. The reality behind the war may seem complex but is decidedly explicable. Iraq had multiple causes of war, thus one do not have top subscribe to an inscrutable force without agents to accept that the phenomenon was complicated. Key factors of the invasion were not driven by the same motives nor did the decisions reached simultaneously. The war was prosecuted by President Bush, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld, but it was conceived by the neoconservatives. It is clear that the September 11, 2001 attack was the catalyst, which was triggered by the neoconservatives. The neoconservatives’ interest s of toppling Iraq preceded that of the U.S. Moreover, change of regime has been official policy of the U.S. since 1998 and even for a longer time. However, this can be understoo d to be diplomatic pressure, convert action and economic strangulation, and not for the reason of threat of nuclear weapons (Roe 11). The foreign policy study groups, the Vulcans, headed by Condoleezza Rice argued that the military power of Iraq had weakened and thus United States can live with a nuclear Iraq. The change of the mood can be partly explained by the September 11. However, this does not make the war inevitable since there was the need to manipulate the public opinion as well as the bureaucratic hurdles to overcome. Iraq was only required to put on the agenda as an imminent threat to justify the pre-emptive war. This is why the allegations of Iraq’s ties to Al-Qaeda and its possession of weapons of mass

Aqueous Magnetic Fluids Instabilities in a Hele-Shaw Cell

Aqueous Magnetic Fluids Instabilities in a Hele-Shaw Cell M. RÄ‚CUCIU â€Å"Lucian Blaga† University, Faculty of Science, Dr.Ratiu Street, No.5-7, Sibiu, 550024, Romania In this study, it was investigated the interface patterns of two immiscible, viscous fluids into the geometry of a horizontal  Hele-Shaw cell, considering that one of the fluids is an aqueous magnetic fluid. In general, the total energy of a magnetic fluid  system consists of three components: gravitational, surface, and magnetic. For a magnetic fluid into a horizontal Hele-Shaw  cell, the gravitational energy is constant and can be inessential, thus leaving only the surface and magnetic energies. The  interface between two immiscible fluids, one of them with a low viscosity and another with a higher viscosity, becomes  unstable and starts to deform. Dynamic competition in such confined geometry leads finally to the formation of fingering  patterns of a magnetic fluid in a Hele-Shaw cell. The computational study upon the interface instabilities patterns in aqueous  magnetic fluids was accomplished evaluating fractal dimension in finger-type instabilities. Between the fr actal dimension and  experimental instability generation time a correlation was established. (Received January 30, 2009; accepted February 13, 2009) Keywords: Magnetic fluid, Hele-Shaw cell, Viscous finger instability 1. Introduction Magnetic fluids are composed of magnetic, around 10  nm, single-domain particles coated with a molecular  surfactant and suspended in a carrier liquid [1]. Magnetic  fluids confined within Hele-Shaw cell exhibit interesting  interfacial instabilities, like fingering instability. The patterns and shapes formation by diverse physical,  chemical and biological systems in the natural world has  long been a source of fascination for scientists [2]. Interface  dynamics plays a major role in pattern formation. Viscous  fingering occurs in the flow of two immiscible, viscous  fluids between the plates of a Hele-Shaw cell. A magnetic fluid is considered paramagnetic because  the individual nanoparticle magnetizations are randomly  oriented, even the solid magnetic nanoparticles are  ferromagnetic [3]. Due to Brownian motion, the thermal  agitation keeps the magnetic nanoparticles suspended and  the coating prevents the nanoparticles from adhering to  each other. In ionic magnetic fluids coating the magnetic  nanoparticles are replaced one an other by electrostatic  repulsion. Because the magnetic nanoparticles are much  smaller than the Hele-Shaw cell thickness, it may neglect  their particulate properties and it may consider a continuous  paramagnetic fluid. In this study, there was investigated the interface  patterns of two immiscible, viscous fluids into the geometry  of a horizontal Hele-Shaw cell, considering that one of the  fluids is an aqueous magnetic fluid. In general, the total energy of a magnetic fluid system  consists of three components: gravitational, surface, and  magnetic. For a magnetic fluid into a horizontal Hele-Shaw  cell, the gravitational energy is constant and can be  inessential, thus leaving only the surface and magnetic  energies. The interface between two immiscible fluids, one of  them with a low viscosity and another with a higher  viscosity, becomes unstable and starts to deform. Dynamic  competition in such confined geometry leads finally to the  formation of fingering patterns of a magnetic fluid in a  two-dimensional geometry (Hele-Shaw cell) [4-5]. Due to pressure gradients or gravity, the separation  interface of the two immiscible, viscous fluids undergoes  on to Saffman-Taylor instability [6] and develops  finger-like structures. The Saffman-Taylor instability is a  widely studied example of hydrodynamic pattern formation  where interfacial instabilities evolve. The computational study upon the interface  instabilities patterns in aqueous magnetic fluids was carried  out by evaluating the fractal dimension in finger-type  instabilities. 2. Experimental Aqueous magnetic fluids used in this study have been  prepared in our laboratory, by applying the chemical  precipitation method. In table I are presented the aqueous  magnetic fluid samples used in this experimental study. Table 1. The magnetic fluid samples used in this study (d –  physical diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles,  constituents of the magnetic fluid samples). Aqueous magnetic fluids instabilities in a Hele-Shaw cell In this paper, it studies the interface between two  immiscible fluids and with different viscosities, one of  them with a low viscosity and with magnetic properties  (aqueous magnetic fluid) and another with a higher  viscosity and non-magnetic (65% aqueous glycerin), when  the instability pattern diameter increased in time, instability  structure became more and more complex. The splitting of  the main finger streamer was occurred in time, determining  the irregularity increasing. For each instant image obtained  was computed the fractal dimension. a less viscous fluid is injected into a more viscous one in a  2D geometry (Hele Shaw cell). Fig. 1 shows a Hele-Shaw cell, used in this experiment,  with its two plates of plastic separated by cover microscope  slides placed in each corner of the cell, having the same  thickness about 300 micrometers. The used fluids are  injected through the center hole. Fig. 2. The finger instability dynamics for aqueous  magnetic liquid stabilized with citric acid (A2 sample). Between the fractal dimension and experimental  instability generation time a linear correlations were  established for all magnetic fluid samples used in this study  (correlation coefficient, R2, 0.962). In Fig. 3 is presented  the dynamics of the fractal dimension during the surface  image recording, for A1 magnetic fluid sample. Fig. 1. Hele- Shaw cell used in this experimental study. In the experiment firstly was injected aqueous glycerin  through the central hole to fill the cell. After the cell was  filled with glycerin, the magnetic fluid was injected. The  surface image recordings were made with a digital camera. The computational study upon the interface  instabilities patterns between aqueous magnetic fluids and  glycerin was accomplished evaluating fractal dimension in  finger-type instabilities. The fractal analysis was carried out  using the box-counting method [7] as a computational  algorithm. In order to apply box-counting method the  surface images were analyzed following the HarFA 5.0  software steps, computing the fractal dimension of the each  image. Fig. 3. The dynamics of the fractal dimension in the A1  magnetic fluid sample  case, stabilized with 3. Results and discussion The computational study was accomplished on three  sets of images, for aqueous magnetic fluids analyzed in this  study, representing finger instabilities developed between  two immiscible fluids and with different viscosities. In Fig. 2 are presented the finger instability dynamics  for aqueous magnetic liquid stabilized with citric acid (A2  sample), having a radial symmetry between the fluids  injected in the Hele-Shaw cell (glycerin and magnetic  fluid).From images shown in Fig. 2 it may be observed that  tetrametilamoniu hydroxide. Also, between the fractal dimension and physical  diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles, constituents of the  magnetic fluid sample, a correlation was established (a  linear regression with a correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.926). In Fig. 4 it may be observed that for increasing physical  diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles was obtained a  decreased fractal dimension, after a flow time of magnetic fluids about 9 seconds. 134 Fig. 4. Graphical dependence of fractal dimension in  function of physical diameter of the magnetic  nanoparticles, constituents of the magnetic fluid samples  analyzed in this study. M. Răcuciu within the Hele-Shaw cell about 7 seconds. In the Saffman-Taylor instability, if a forward bump is  formed on the interface between the fluids, it enhances the  pressure gradient and the local interface velocity. Because  the velocity of a point on the interface is proportional to the  local pressure gradient, the bump grows faster than other  parts on the interface. On the other hand, the effect of  surface tension competes with this diffusive instability. Surface tension operates to reduce the pressure at highly  curved parts of an interface, and sharp bumps are forced  back. Thus, as a result we have the formation of the viscous  finger instabilities. The fractal dimension based analysis proposed in this  paper of the aqueous magnetic fluid instability is intended  to lead to further mathematical modeling of finger  instabilities patterns focused on non-linearity of the  magnetic fluid-non-magnetic fluid interface stability. A linear correlation (correlation coefficient, R2, 0.988)  was established between the fractal dimension and  viscosity value of the magnetic fluid samples used In Fig. 5  it may be observed that for increased viscosity value of the  magnetic fluid was observed increasing the fractal  dimension of the interface fluids instability structure. Fig. 5. Linear correlation between fractal dimension and  magnetic fluid viscosity value. Table 2. Correlation coefficient and standard deviation to  the fractal dimension calculation after a flow time of  magnetic fluids within the Hele-Shaw cell about 7  seconds. 4. Conclusions In this paper it was investigated the flow of two  immiscible, viscous fluids in the confined geometry of a  Hele-Shaw cell. It may conclude that the fractal dimension values of the  finger instabilities pattern images are direct proportional  with the magnetic fluid viscosity value and instability  generation time, while with the physical diameter of the  magnetic nanoparticles constituents of the magnetic fluid a  linear negative dependence was evidenced. The next theoretical analysis step will follow the  developing of a convenient model to describe the  non-magnetic fluid influence on magnetic fluid surface  stability. References [1] P. S. Stevens, Patterns in Nature, Little Brown, Boston  (1974). [2] S.S. Papel, Low viscosity magnetic fluid obtained by  the colloidal suspension of magnetic particles. US  Patent 3, 215, 572 (1965). [3] R. E. Rosensweig, Ferrohydrodynamics, Cambridge  University Press, Cambridge (1985). [4] C. Tang, Rev. Mod. Phys., 58, 977 (1986). [5] D. Bensimon, L. P. Kadanoff, S. Liang, B. I. Shraiman,  C. Tang, Rev.Mod. Phys., 58, 977 (1986). [6] P. G. Saffman, G. I. Taylor, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser.  A, 245, 312 (1958). [7] T. Tel, A. Fulop, T. Vicsek, Determination of Fractal  Dimension for Geometrical Multifractals, Physica A,  159, 155-166 (1989). ________________________ * In Table 2 the fractal dimension value, correlation  coefficient and standard deviation to the fractal dimension  calculation, for all magnetic fluid samples used in this experimental study after a flow time of magnetic fluids

Religion and Spirituality Essay -- Religious Christianity Essays

Religion and Spirituality Since the dawn of human life, people have eternally been searching for the purpose of existence. Humans are innately curious beings, and are blessed to have the capabilities of higher thought processes. Humans use these thought processes to ponder the question of existence. Unfortunately, the evolution of man has not brought the human race any closer to actualizing its purpose on earth. In fact, this issue is such that the more one feels he or she understands it, the more questions concerning it arise. This problem perpetuates itself by the confusion of religion and spirituality, and the roles they hold in society. As the human race evolves, it feels the need to designate structure to its world. As a means to provide structure, man creates both systems of social order, as well as systems of belief. The purpose of the two systems is to explain unknown phenomenon while creating an environment where societies can grow. Humans do this because they have an innate drive to bo th explain the unknown in addition to perpetuating a society that holds common beliefs and values. One can define these two systems as religion and spirituality. The problem lies in the fact that these two systems are so closely intertwined that oftentimes they are confused as being synonymous. However, this is most definitely not the case. On the contrary, religion’s purpose is to create social structure and congruency. Religion is driven by social purpose, and can be exploited. In fact, a small part of every religion serves a selfish purpose rather than an honorable one. Religion’s purpose is completely different from the purpose of spirituality. Spirituality, on the other hand, deals with personal beliefs about ... .... Vol. 7. 230-282. 1971. â€Å"Crusade.† Encyclopedia Britannica. Howerth, Ira. â€Å"What is Religion?† International Journal of Ethics. 1983. â€Å"Jihad.† Encyclopedia Britannica. Mathur, D.C. â€Å"The Concept of Action in the Bhagvad-Gita.† Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 1974. McClenon, James. â€Å"Human Evolution and the Origin of Religion.† Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 345-357. Sept. 1997 Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. â€Å"Religion and Society.† Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 1972. Rosengren, Karl. â€Å"The Riddle of the Empty Cell.† Current Anthropology. Vol. 17. 1996. Stewart, Gutherie. â€Å"Religion: What is it?† Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 412-419. Dec. 1998.